Importance Treaty during the British Government period
Here is a list of important Sandhis (treaties) during British India, along with the parties involved and the significance of each:
1. Treaty of Allahabad (1765)
- Parties: Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II and Robert Clive (British East India Company)
- Significance:
- Granted the Diwani rights (right to collect revenue) of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa to the British.
- Marked the beginning of British political control in India.
2. Treaty of Salbai (1782)
- Parties: British East India Company and Maratha Confederacy (Madhavrao II)
- Significance:
- Ended the First Anglo-Maratha War.
- Maintained peace between the Marathas and British for 20 years.
3. Treaty of Seringapatam (1792)
- Parties: British, Marathas, Nizam of Hyderabad vs. Tipu Sultan (Mysore)
- Significance:
- Ended the Third Anglo-Mysore War.
- Tipu had to cede half of his kingdom and pay a large indemnity.
4. Treaty of Bassein (1802)
- Parties: British and Baji Rao II (Maratha Peshwa)
- Significance:
- Made the Peshwa a subsidiary ally of the British.
- Triggered the Second Anglo-Maratha War.
5. Treaty of Amritsar (1809)
- Parties: British East India Company and Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Sikh Empire)
- Significance:
- Defined boundaries: Sutlej River as the limit of Ranjit Singh’s territory.
- Prevented the expansion of the Sikh Empire southwards.
6. Treaty of Yandabo (1826)
- Parties: British East India Company and Burma (Alaungpaya Dynasty)
- Significance:
- Ended the First Anglo-Burmese War.
- British gained Assam, Manipur, Arakan, and Tenasserim.
7. Treaty of Lahore (1846)
- Parties: British and the Sikh Empire
- Significance:
- Ended the First Anglo-Sikh War.
- Large territories ceded to the British; war indemnity imposed.
8. Treaty of Bhairowal (1846)
- Parties: British and Sikh Empire (after Lahore Treaty)
- Significance:
- Put Punjab under British Resident control.
- Dalhousie took advantage to annex Punjab in 1849.
🔹 9. Treaty of Gandamak (1879)
- Parties: British and Amir Yakub Khan of Afghanistan
- Significance:
- Ended the Second Anglo-Afghan War.
- Gave British control over Afghan foreign affairs.
10. Treaty of Purandar (1776)
- Parties: British East India Company and Maratha leader Raghunath Rao
- Significance:
- British withdrew support for Raghunath Rao’s claim to the Peshwa throne.
- Recognized Madhav Rao II as the legitimate Peshwa.
11. Treaty of Madras (1769)
- Parties: British East India Company and Hyder Ali (Mysore)
- Significance:
- Ended the First Anglo-Mysore War.
- British agreed to mutual restitution of conquered territories.
12. Treaty of Mangalore (1784)
- Parties: British East India Company and Tipu Sultan
- Significance:
- Ended the Second Anglo-Mysore War.
- Both sides agreed to restore territories captured during the war.
- Seen as a humiliation for the British.
13. Treaty of Sugauli (1815–16)
- Parties: British East India Company and Nepal (Gorkha Kingdom)
- Significance:
- Ended the Anglo-Nepalese War.
- British gained Sikkim, Kumaon, Garhwal, and parts of Terai.
- Boundary of modern Nepal was defined.
14. Treaty of Deogaon (1803)
- Parties: British and Bhonsle Raja of Nagpur
- Significance:
- Ended conflict in Second Anglo-Maratha War.
- Ceded Cuttack, parts of Orissa, and Berar to the British.
5. Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon (1803)
- Parties: British and Daulat Rao Scindia (Marathas)
- Significance:
- Major territorial gains for the British in North India.
- Included Agra, Gwalior, and Delhi.
16. Treaty of Bharatpur (1826)
- Parties: British and the rulers of Bharatpur (Jat Kingdom)
- Significance:
- Ended the siege of Bharatpur.
- Integrated the Jat state under British influence.
17. Treaty of Rajpurghat (1816)
- Parties: British and Nepal (ratification of Sugauli)
- Significance:
- Formally confirmed the Treaty of Sugauli.
- Defined British-Nepal relations and boundaries further.
18. Treaty of Kabul (1879 & 1880)
- Parties: British and Afghanistan (Amir Yakub Khan and later Amir Abdur Rahman)
- Significance:
- British influence over Afghan foreign policy.
- British withdrew but gained strategic control.
19. Treaty of Lahore (1849)
- Parties: British and Sikh Empire
- Significance:
- After the Second Anglo-Sikh War, Punjab was formally annexed.
- The Koh-i-Noor diamond was handed over to the British.
20. Subsidiary Alliance Treaties (1798 onwards)
- Concept: Political strategy by Lord Wellesley
- Parties: Multiple Indian princely states (e.g., Hyderabad, Awadh, Mysore)
- Significance:
- Indian rulers had to:
- Accept British forces in their territories
- Pay for their upkeep
- Not maintain their own foreign relations
- A tool for indirect British rule
- Indian rulers had to:
